Taylor Calls for Nukes Agains Tnorjth Vietnam

U.S. Air Force full general

Curtis LeMay
Birth proper noun	Curtis Emerson LeMay
Nickname(s)	Onetime Iron Pants The Demon Bombs Away LeMay The Big Cigar[one]
Born	(1906-eleven-15)November 15, 1906 Columbus, Ohio, U.S.
Died	October one, 1990(1990-x-01) (aged 83) March Air Force Base of operations, California, U.S.
Cached	U.s. Air Force Academy Cemetery
Fidelity	United States
Service/branch	United States Army Air Corps The states Army Air Forces United States Air Strength
Years of service	1929–1965
Rank	General
Unit of measurement	Ohio National Guard
Commands held	Chief of Staff of the U.s. Air Force Vice Chief of Staff of the United states of america Air Forcefulness Strategic Air Command Twentieth Air Force
Battles/wars	World War II European Theater of Operations Pacific Theatre
Awards	Distinguished Service Cross Ground forces Distinguished Service Medal (3) Silvery Star Distinguished Flying Cantankerous (iii) Air Medal (5)
Alma mater	Ohio State Academy (BS)
Spouse(southward)	Helen Maitland ​ (m. 1934)​
Political party	Republican
Other political affiliations	American Independent (1968)

Curtis Emerson LeMay (November 15, 1906 – Oct one, 1990) was an American Air Force general who implemented an effective just controversial strategic bombing campaign in the Pacific theater of Earth War 2. He afterwards served as Chief of Staff of the U.S. Air Force from 1961 to 1965.

LeMay joined the U.South. Ground forces Air Corps, the precursor to the U.S. Air Force, in 1929 while studying ceremonious engineering at Ohio State University. He had risen to the rank of major by the fourth dimension of Nihon's Attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941 and the United States's subsequent entry into World War II. He allowable the 305th Operations Group from October 1942 until September 1943, and the 3rd Air Sectionalization in the European theatre of World State of war Ii until August 1944, when he was transferred to the China Burma Bharat Theater. He was and so placed in command of strategic bombing operations against Japan, planning and executing a massive fire bombing campaign against Japanese cities and Operation Starvation, a crippling minelaying campaign in Nippon'due south internal waterways.

After the war, he was assigned to control USAF Europe and coordinated the Berlin airlift. He served equally commander of the Strategic Air Command (SAC) from 1948 to 1957, where he presided over the transition to an all-jet aircraft strength that had a strong emphasis on the delivery of nuclear weapons in the issue of war. Every bit Main of Staff of the Air Strength, he chosen for the bombing of Cuban missile sites during the Cuban Missile Crisis and sought a sustained bombing campaign confronting North Vietnam during the Vietnam War.

After retiring from the Air Strength in 1965, LeMay agreed to serve equally Governor George Wallace's running mate on the American Independent Political party ticket in the 1968 United States presidential election. The ticket won thirteen.five% of the popular vote, a strong tally for a third political party campaign, but the Wallace campaign came to run into LeMay as a liability. Afterward the election, LeMay retired to his home in Newport Beach, California, and died in 1990 at historic period 83.

Early on life [edit]

Lieutenant Curtis LeMay in 1929

LeMay was born in Columbus, Ohio, on Nov fifteen, 1906. LeMay was of English language and distant French Huguenot heritage.^[2] His father, Erving Edwin LeMay, was at times an ironworker and general handyman, merely he never held a chore longer than a few months. His mother, Arizona Dove (née Carpenter) LeMay,^[3] did her best to hold her family together. With very limited income, his family moved effectually the country as his father looked for work, going as far as Montana and California. Eventually they returned to his native city of Columbus. LeMay attended Columbus public schools, graduating from Columbus South High School, and studied civil engineering science at The Ohio State University. Working his way through college, he graduated with a bachelor's degree in ceremonious engineering. While at Ohio State he was a member of the National Order of Pershing Rifles and the Professional person Engineering Fraternity Theta Tau. He was commissioned a 2d lieutenant in the Air Corps Reserve in October 1929. He received a regular commission in the United States Army Air Corps in January 1930. While finishing at Ohio Country, he took flying training at Norton Field in Columbus, in 1931–32.^[4] On June 9, 1934, he married Helen Maitland.

Career [edit]

LeMay became a pursuit airplane pilot with his outset duty station at Selfridge Field with the 27th Pursuit Squadron. After having served in various assignments in fighter operations, LeMay transferred to bomber aircraft in 1937.^[5] While stationed in Hawaii, he became one of the first members of the Air Corps to receive specialized training in aerial navigation. In August 1937, as navigator under pilot and commander Caleb 5. Haynes on a Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress, he helped locate the battleship Utah despite being given the wrong coordinates past Navy personnel, in exercises held in misty conditions off California, afterwards which the group of B-17s bombed it with water bombs. In March 1938, LeMay every bit a member of the 2nd Bombardment Group participated in a good will flight to Buenos Aires. For this flight, the 2nd Bombardment Group was awarded the Mackay Trophy in 1939.^[v] For Haynes again, in May 1938 he navigated three B-17s 620 nmi (710 mi; i,150 km) over the Atlantic Ocean to intercept the Italian liner SS Rex to illustrate the ability of land-based airpower to defend the American coasts. In 1940 he was navigator for Haynes on the epitome Boeing XB-15 heavy bomber, flying a survey from Panama over the Galapagos islands.^[six] Past the terminate of 1940, he was stationed at Westover Air Reserve Base, as the operations officeholder of the 34th Bombardment Grouping.^{[7] : 8} State of war brought rapid promotion and increased responsibility.

When his crews were non flying missions, they were subjected to relentless grooming, as LeMay believed that training was the key to saving their lives. "You fight as you lot train" was ane of his cardinal rules. Information technology expressed his belief that, in the chaos, stress, and confusion of combat (aerial or otherwise), troops or airmen would perform successfully only if their individual acts were second nature, performed nearly instinctively due to repetitive training. Throughout his career, LeMay was widely and fondly known amid his troops as "Onetime Fe Pants", and the "Big Cigar".^{[1] [viii]}

World War II [edit]

Colonel Curtis LeMay officially congratulates a bomber crew of the 306th Bomb Group in front end of their B-17 Flight Fortress at Chelveston Airfield, England, June two, 1943.

When the U.S. entered World State of war II in Dec 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, LeMay was a major in the Us Army Air Forces (he had been a first lieutenant every bit recently equally 1940), and the commander of a newly created B-17 Flying Fortress unit, the 305th Bomb Grouping. He took this unit of measurement to England in Oct 1942 every bit part of the Eighth Air Force, and led it in combat until May 1943, notably helping to develop the combat box formation.^{[7] [nine]} In September 1943, he became the offset commander of the newly formed 3rd Air Division. He personally led several dangerous missions, including the Regensburg section of the Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission of August 17, 1943. In that mission, he led 146 B-17s to Regensburg, Deutschland, beyond the range of escorting fighters, and, after bombing, connected on to bases in North Africa, losing 24 bombers in the procedure.^{[7] [9]}

The heavy losses in veteran crews on this and subsequent deep penetration missions in the fall of 1943 led the Eighth Air Force to limit missions to targets within escort range. Finally, with the deployment in the European theater of the P-51 Mustang in January 1944, the Eighth Air Strength gained an escort fighter with range to match the bombers.^[10]

In a word of a report into loftier abort rates in bomber missions during World State of war II, which Robert McNamara suspected was considering of airplane pilot cowardice, McNamara described LeMay's graphic symbol:

I of the commanders was Curtis LeMay—Colonel in command of a B-24 [sic] group. He was the finest combat commander of any service I came across in war. Simply he was extraordinarily argumentative, many thought brutal. He got the study. He issued an order. He said, 'I will be in the lead airplane on every mission. Any airplane that takes off will go over the target, or the crew volition exist court-martialed.' The arrest rate dropped overnight. Now that'due south the kind of commander he was.^[11]

LeMay became known for his massive incendiary attacks against Japanese cities during the war using hundreds of planes flying at low altitudes. In this motion picture, B-29 bombers are shown dropping hundreds of incendiary bombs (cluster bombs, magnesium bombs, white phosphorus bombs, and napalm) on Yokohama during a strategic bombing raid on May 29, 1945.

In Baronial 1944, LeMay transferred to the China-Burma-India theater and directed first the Xx Bomber Command in China and then the XXI Bomber Command in the Pacific. LeMay was later on placed in accuse of all strategic air operations against the Japanese abode islands.^{[7] [ix]}

LeMay before long concluded that the techniques and tactics developed for apply in Europe against the Luftwaffe were unsuitable against Japan. His Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers flying from Prc were dropping their bombs near their targets only 5% of the time. Operational losses of aircraft and crews were unacceptably high owing to Japanese daylight air defenses and continuing mechanical problems with the B-29. In January 1945, LeMay was transferred from Communist china to salve Brigadier General Haywood S. Hansell as commander of the XXI Bomber Command in the Marianas.^{[7] [9]}

He became convinced that high-altitude precision bombing would be ineffective, given the unremarkably cloudy weather over Japan. Furthermore, bombs dropped from the B-29s at high altitude (higher up 20,000 feet (six,100 k)) were oftentimes blown off of their trajectories by a consistently powerful jet stream over the Japanese home islands, which dramatically reduced the effectiveness of the high-distance raids. Considering Japanese air defenses fabricated daytime bombing beneath jet stream-affected altitudes too perilous, LeMay finally switched to depression-distance dark incendiary attacks on Japanese targets, a tactic senior commanders had been advocating for some time.^{[7] [9]} Japanese cities were largely constructed of flammable materials such as wood and paper. Precision loftier-altitude daylight bombing was ordered to proceed only when weather permitted or when specific critical targets were non vulnerable to area bombing.

LeMay allowable subsequent B-29 Superfortress combat operations against Nippon, including massive incendiary attacks on 67 Japanese cities and the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This included the firebombing of Tokyo — known in official documents as the "Operation Meetinghouse" air raid on the nighttime of March nine–10, 1945 — which proved to exist the single most destructive bombing raid of the state of war.^[12] For this first attack, LeMay ordered the defensive guns removed from 325 B-29s, loaded each airplane with Model 1000-47 incendiary clusters, magnesium bombs, white phosphorus bombs, and napalm, and ordered the bombers to fly in streams at 5,000 to nine,000 feet (1,500 to two,700 one thousand) over Tokyo.^{[vii] [nine] [13]} LeMay described Performance Meetinghouse past maxim "the US had finally stopped swatting at flies and gone after the manure pile".^[fourteen]

The kickoff pathfinder airplanes arrived over Tokyo just subsequently midnight on March x and marked the target surface area with a flaming "X". In a three-hour period, the principal bombing force dropped 1,665 tons of incendiary bombs, killing 100,000 civilians, destroying 250,000 buildings, and incinerating sixteen square miles (41 kmⁱⁱ) of the city. Aircrews at the tail end of the bomber stream reported that the stench of burned human being flesh permeated the aircraft over the target.^[15]

Precise figures are non available, but the strategic bombing campaign against Japan, directed by LeMay between March 1945 and the Japanese surrender in August 1945, may have killed more than 500,000 Japanese civilians and left five million homeless.^[sixteen] Official estimates from the United States Strategic Bombing Survey put the figures at 220,000 people killed.^[12] Some xl% of the built-up areas of 66 cities were destroyed, including much of Japan's state of war manufacture.^{[12] [17]}

A "LeMay Bombing Leaflet" from the war, which warned Japanese civilians of impending danger: "Unfortunately, bombs have no eyes. And then, in accordance with America's humanitarian policies, the American Air Force, which does not wish to injure innocent people, at present gives you warning to evacuate the cities named and save your lives".

LeMay was aware of the implication of his orders. The New York Times reported at the time, "Maj. Gen. Curtis E. LeMay, commander of the B-29s of the entire Marianas area, declared that if the war is shortened by a unmarried day, the assail will have served its purpose".^{[7] [9]} The statement was that it was his duty to carry out the attacks in order to end the state of war as speedily as possible, sparing further loss of life. He also remarked regarding the morality of the air endeavour against Nippon, "I suppose if I had lost the war, I would take been tried as a war criminal."^[eighteen] This stance was likewise reported by Robert McNamara in the 2003 documentary The Fog of War,^[19] although after the state of war the Allies did not prosecute whatsoever High german or Japanese military personnel for bombing civilian targets.^[20]

Presidents Roosevelt and Truman supported LeMay's strategy, referring to an estimate of one million Centrolineal casualties if Nihon had to be invaded. Nippon had intentionally decentralized xc% of its state of war-related production into minor subcontractor workshops in civilian districts, making remaining Japanese war industry largely immune to conventional precision bombing with high explosives.^[21] Every bit the firebombing campaign took effect, Japanese war planners were forced to expend significant resources to relocate vital war industries to remote caves and mountain bunkers, reducing production of war material. As a lieutenant colonel who served under LeMay, Robert McNamara was in charge of evaluating the effectiveness of American bombing missions. Later, McNamara, as United States Secretary of Defense nether Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, oft clashed with LeMay.

LeMay also oversaw Functioning Starvation, an aerial mining operation against Japanese waterways and ports that disrupted Japanese aircraft and logistics. Although his superiors were unsupportive of this naval objective, LeMay gave it a high priority past assigning the entire 313th Bombardment Wing (four groups, about 160 airplanes) to the chore. Aeriform mining supplemented a tight Allied submarine occludent of the domicile islands, drastically reducing Nihon'south power to supply its overseas forces to the indicate that postwar analysis concluded that it could have defeated Japan on its ain had it begun earlier.^{[7] [9]}

Japan–Washington flight [edit]

LeMay piloted one of three specially modified B-29s flight from Japan to the U.Due south. in September 1945, in the process breaking several aviation records, including the greatest USAAF takeoff weight, the longest USAAF non-end flying, and the first ever non-stop Japan–Chicago flight. One of the pilots was of higher rank: Lieutenant Full general Barney 1000. Giles. The other two aircraft used up more fuel than LeMay's in fighting headwinds, and they could not fly to Washington, D.C., the original goal.^[22] Their pilots landed in Chicago to refuel. LeMay's shipping had sufficient fuel to achieve Washington, but he was directed by the War Section to join the others by refueling at Chicago.^[23]

Cold War [edit]

Berlin Airlift [edit]

After World War 2, LeMay was briefly transferred to The Pentagon as deputy main of Air Staff for Research & Evolution. In 1947, he returned to Europe as commander of USAF Europe,^[24] heading operations for the Berlin Airlift in 1948 in the face up of a occludent past the Soviet Union and its satellite states that threatened to starve the civilian population of the Western occupation zones of Berlin. Under LeMay'due south management, Douglas C-54 Skymasters that could each carry 10 tons of cargo began supplying the city on July 1. By the autumn, the airlift was bringing in an average of 5,000 tons of supplies a mean solar day with 500 daily flights. The airlift continued for 11 months, with 213,000 flights operated by six countries bringing in ane.7 meg tons of food and fuel to Berlin. Faced with the failure of its blockade, the Soviet Union relented and reopened state corridors to the West. Though LeMay is sometimes publicly credited with the success of the Berlin Airlift, it was, in fact, instigated by General Lucius D. Clay when General Clay called LeMay about the problem. LeMay initially started flying supplies into Berlin, just and then decided that it was a chore for a logistics practiced and he found that person in Lt. Full general William H. Tunner,^[25] who took over the operational end of the Berlin Airlift.

Strategic Air Command [edit]

In 1948, he returned to the U.S. to head the Strategic Air Command (SAC) at Offutt Air Force Base, replacing Gen George Kenney. When LeMay took over control of SAC, information technology consisted of picayune more than a few understaffed B-29 battery groups left over from Globe State of war Ii. Less than half of the available aircraft were operational, and the crews were undertrained. Base and aircraft security standards were minimal. Upon inspecting a SAC hangar full of US nuclear strategic bombers, LeMay found a single Air Strength sentry on duty, unarmed.^[26] After ordering a mock bombing exercise on Dayton, Ohio, LeMay was shocked to learn that most of the strategic bombers assigned to the mission missed their targets by ane mile or more. "We didn't have one coiffure, not one coiffure, in the unabridged command who could do a professional job", noted LeMay.^[27]

A meeting in November 1948, with Air Force Chief of Staff Hoyt Vandenberg, constitute the two men like-minded the primary mission of SAC should be the capability of delivering lxxx% of the nation's diminutive bombs in 1 mission. At the Dualism Conference in December 1948, the Air Force high command rallied behind LeMay's position that the service'southward highest priority was to deliver the SAC diminutive offensive "in 1 roughshod dive telescoping mass and time".^[28] "To LeMay, demolishing everything was how you win a state of war."^[29] Towards this aim, LeMay delivered the start SAC Emergency War Programme in March 1949 which called for dropping 133 atomic bombs on 70 cities in the USSR within xxx days. LeMay predicted that World War III would final no longer than xxx days.^[30] Air ability strategists chosen this blazon of pre-emptive strike "killing a nation".^[31] However, the Harmon commission released their unanimous written report ii months later stating such an assault would non terminate a war with the Soviets and their industry would apace recover. This committee had been specifically created past the Joint Chiefs of Staff to study the effects of a massive nuclear strike against the Soviet Union. All the same, within weeks, an ad hoc Joint Chiefs committee recommended tripling America's nuclear arsenal, and Chief of Staff Vandenberg called for enough bombs to set on 220 targets, up from the previous lxx.^[32]

Upon receiving his 4th star in 1951 at age 44, LeMay became the youngest American 4-star general since Ulysses S. Grant. He would also become the longest serving person in that rank in American military history.^[33]

In 1954 LeMay remarked to airplane pilot Hal Austin, whose plane had been damaged by a MiG-17 while on a reconnaissance mission over the Soviet Union, "Well, maybe if we do this overflight correct, nosotros can become Earth War III started". Hal Austin assumed that LeMay was joking, merely years later, later LeMay retired, Austin saw him over again and "brought up the subject of the mission we had flown. And he remembered it similar information technology was yesterday. Nosotros chatted about it a niggling fleck. His comment again was, 'Well, we'd accept been a hell of a lot improve off if we'd got Earth War Iii started in those days.'"^[34]

In 1956 and 1957 LeMay implemented tests of 24-hour bomber and tanker alerts, keeping some bomber forces ready at all times. LeMay headed SAC until 1957, overseeing its transformation into a modernistic, efficient, all-jet force. LeMay'southward tenure was the longest over an American military command in almost 100 years.^[35]

The "Airpower Battle" [edit]

USAF airpower development and LeMay's style [edit]

LeMay was instrumental in SAC'southward conquering of a big fleet of new strategic bombers, establishment of a vast aerial refueling system, the germination of many new units and bases, evolution of a strategic ballistic missile force, and establishment of a strict command and control arrangement with an unprecedented readiness capability. All of this was protected past a greatly enhanced and modernized security force, the Strategic Air Control Elite Guard. LeMay insisted on rigorous grooming and very high standards of performance for all SAC personnel, exist they officers, enlisted men, aircrews, mechanics, or administrative staff, and reportedly commented, "I have neither the time nor the inclination to differentiate betwixt the incompetent and the but unfortunate".

A famous legend often used by SAC flight crews to illustrate LeMay'south command way concerned his famous ever-nowadays cigar.^[36] In the outset known published account of the story, Life mag reporter Ernest Havemann related that LeMay in one case took the co-airplane pilot's seat of a SAC bomber to observe the mission, complete with lit cigar.^[37] When asked past the pilot to put the cigar out, LeMay demanded to know why. When the pilot explained that fumes inside the fuselage could ignite the plane, LeMay reportedly growled, "It wouldn't dare".^[37] The incident was used every bit the basis for a fictional scene in the 1955 motion-picture show Strategic Air Command. In his highly controversial and factually disputed^{[38] [39]} memoir War'southward End, Major General Charles Sweeney related an alleged 1944 incident that may have been the ground for the "It wouldn't cartel" annotate.^[40]

Despite his uncompromising attitude regarding performance of duty, LeMay was also known for his concern for the physical well-beingness and condolement of his men.^[41] LeMay institute ways to encourage morale, private performance, and the reenlistment rate through a number of ways: encouraging off-duty group recreational activities,^{[42] [43]} instituting spot promotions based on functioning, and authorizing special uniforms, grooming, equipment, and allowances for ground personnel^[44] also as flying crews.

On LeMay'due south difference, SAC was composed of 224,000 airmen, close to 2,000 heavy bombers, and nearly 800 tanker aircraft.^[45]

LeMay was appointed Vice Primary of Staff of the United States Air Force in July 1957, serving until 1961.

Chief of Staff of the United states Air Forcefulness, 1961–1965 [edit]

Following service as USAF Vice Chief of Staff (1957–1961), LeMay was made the fifth Master of Staff of the United States Air Forcefulness on the retirement of Gen Thomas White. His belief in the efficacy of strategic air campaigns over tactical strikes and ground support operations became Air Force policy during his tenure as master of staff.

Equally Principal of Staff, LeMay clashed repeatedly with Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara, Air Strength Secretary Eugene Zuckert, and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Army General Maxwell Taylor. At the fourth dimension, budget constraints and successive nuclear war fighting strategies had left the military machine in a country of flux. Each of the war machine had gradually jettisoned realistic appraisals of time to come conflicts in favor of developing its ain divide nuclear and nonnuclear capabilities. At the peak of this struggle, the U.South. Army had fifty-fifty reorganized its combat divisions to fight land wars on irradiated nuclear battlefields, developing short-range diminutive cannon and mortars in order to win appropriations. The U.s. Navy in turn proposed delivering strategic nuclear weapons from supercarriers intended to sail into range of the Soviet air defense forces. Of all these various schemes, only LeMay's control structure of SAC survived complete reorganization in the changing reality of Cold State of war-era conflicts.

LeMay was not an enthusiast of the ICBM program, considering ballistic missiles to exist fiddling more than toys and no substitute for the strategic nuclear bomber strength.

Though LeMay lost significant cribbing battles for the Skybolt ALBM and the Boeing B-52 Stratofortress replacement, the North American XB-seventy Valkyrie, he was largely successful at expanding Air Forcefulness budgets. Despite LeMay's disdain for missiles, he did strongly support the utilise of armed forces infinite programs to perform satellite reconnaissance and assemble electronic intelligence. For comparison, the United states Ground forces and Navy oftentimes suffered budgetary cutbacks and program cancellations by Congress and Secretary McNamara.

Cuban Missile Crunch [edit]

During the Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962, LeMay clashed again with U.S. President John F. Kennedy and Defense Secretarial assistant McNamara, arguing that he should exist allowed to bomb nuclear missile sites in Cuba. He opposed the naval occludent and, after the cease of the crisis, suggested that Cuba be invaded anyway, even after the Soviets agreed to withdraw their missiles. Kennedy refused LeMay's requests, and the naval occludent was successful.^[31]

Strategic philosophy [edit]

The memorandum from LeMay, Chief of Staff, USAF, to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 4, 1964, illustrates LeMay's reasons for keeping bomber forces aslope ballistic missiles: "It is important to recognize, however, that ballistic missile forces represent both the U.South. and Soviet potential for strategic nuclear warfare at the highest, well-nigh indiscriminate level, and at a level least susceptible to command. The employment of these weapons in lower level conflict would exist likely to escalate the situation, uncontrollably, to an intensity which could exist vastly disproportionate to the original aggravation. The utilize of ICBMs and SLBMs is not, therefore, a rational or credible response to provocations which, although serious, are withal less than an firsthand threat to national survival. For this reason, amid others, I consider that the national security will continue to require the flexibility, responsiveness, and bigotry of manned strategic weapon systems throughout the range of cold, limited, and general war".^[46]

Vietnam War [edit]

LeMay'southward dislike for tactical aircraft and training backfired in the low-intensity conflict of Vietnam, where existing Air Force fighter shipping and standard attack profiles proved incapable of carrying out sustained tactical bombing campaigns in the face of hostile N Vietnamese antiaircraft defenses. LeMay said, "Flight fighters is fun. Flying bombers is of import".^[47] Shipping losses on tactical attack missions soared, and Air Force commanders soon realized that their big, missile-armed jet fighters were exceedingly vulnerable not only to antiaircraft shells and missiles but also to cannon-armed, maneuverable Soviet fighters.

LeMay advocated a sustained strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnamese cities, harbors, ports, shipping, and other strategic targets. His communication was ignored. Instead, an incremental policy was implemented that focused on express interdiction bombing of fluid enemy supply corridors in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia. This limited campaign failed to destroy significant quantities of enemy state of war supplies or diminish enemy ambitions. Bombing limitations were imposed by President Lyndon Johnson for geopolitical reasons, as he surmised that bombing Soviet and Chinese ships in port and killing Soviet advisers would bring the Soviets and Chinese more than directly into the war.

In his 1965 autobiography (co-written with MacKinlay Kantor), LeMay is quoted as proverb his response to N Vietnam would be to demand that "they've got to draw in their horns and finish their aggression, or nosotros're going to bomb them back into the Rock Age. And we would shove them back into the Stone Age with Air power or Naval power—not with footing forces".^[48] LeMay subsequently rejected misquotes of the famous "Stone Age" quote.^[49] Later, in a Washington Post interview LeMay said that "I never said we should bomb them dorsum to the Stone Age. I said nosotros had the capability to practise it. I want to salve lives on both sides".^[50] Etymologyst Barry Popik cites multiple sources (including interviews with LeMay) for various versions of both quotes from LeMay.^[51] Nevertheless, the "should" quote remained part of the LeMay legend, and remains widely attributed to him always after.^{[49] [52]}

Some military machine historians take argued that LeMay's theories were eventually proven correct. Well-nigh the state of war's cease in December 1972, President Richard Nixon ordered Performance Linebacker II, a high-intensity Air Forcefulness, Navy, and Marine Corps aerial bombing campaign, which included hundreds of B-52 bombers that struck previously untouched North Vietnamese strategic targets, including heavy populated areas in Hanoi and Haiphong. Linebacker II was followed by renewed negotiations that led to the Paris Peace Agreement, appearing to support the claim. However, consideration must be given to pregnant differences in terms of both military objectives and geopolitical realities between 1968 and 1972, including the impact of Nixon's recognition and exploitation of the Sino-Soviet split up to gain a "free paw" in Vietnam and the shift of Communist opposition from an organic insurgency (the Viet Cong) to a conventional mechanized offensive that was by its nature more than reliant on industrial output and traditional logistics.^[53] In consequence, Johnson and Nixon were waging ii different wars.

Mail-military career [edit]

Early political life and developments [edit]

Considering of his unrelenting opposition to the Johnson administration's Vietnam policy and what was widely perceived equally his hostility to Robert McNamara, LeMay was substantially forced into retirement in Feb 1965. Moving to California, he was approached by conservatives to challenge moderate Republican Thomas Kuchel for his seat in the United states of america Senate in 1968, but he declined.^[54]

Vice presidential candidacy, 1968 [edit]

For the 1968 presidential election, LeMay originally supported former Republican Vice President Richard Nixon; he turned downwardly two requests past sometime Alabama Governor George Wallace to bring together his newly formed American Independent Party, that year, on the grounds that a third-party candidacy might hurt Nixon'south chances at the polls. (By coincidence, Wallace had served as a sergeant in a unit of measurement commanded by LeMay during World War II before LeMay had Wallace transferred to the 477th Bombardment Grouping.)

In 1968 LeMay threw his back up to Wallace and became his vice-presidential running mate on the American Contained Party ticket. The campaign saw Wallace's tape on racial segregation heavily scrutinized.^[52]

Wallace'due south staff began to consider LeMay to be "politically tone-deafened" every bit the erstwhile Air Force General made several comments at campaign events speculating near the possibility of nuclear war,^[55] failing to change the perception of extremism that some American voters had of the Wallace-LeMay ticket.^[56]

The "flop them dorsum to the stone age" comment received meaning publicity but LeMay disclaimed the comment, saying in a afterward interview: "I never said we should flop them back to the Stone Age. I said we had the capability to exercise it".^{[fifty] [51]}

The Wallace-LeMay AIP ticket received 13.5% of the pop vote, higher than nearly third party candidacies in the U.s.a., and carried v states for a total of 46 electoral votes.^[57]

Honors [edit]

LeMay was honored by several countries for his armed forces service. His U.S. military decorations included the Distinguished Service Cantankerous, the Distinguished Service Medal with two oak foliage clusters, the Silver Star, the Distinguished Flying Cantankerous with two oak leaf clusters, and the Air Medal with iii oak foliage clusters. He was also a recipient of the French Légion d'honneur and on December 7, 1964 the Japanese government conferred on him the First Gild of Merit with the Grand Cordon of the Guild of the Ascent Dominicus. He was elected to the Alfalfa Society in 1957 and served as a general officeholder for 21 years.

In 1977, LeMay was inducted into the International Air & Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air & Space Museum.^[58]

Personal life [edit]

On June ix, 1934,LeMay married Helen Estelle Maitland (died 1992), with whom he had one child, Patricia Jane LeMay Gild, known as Janie.^{[59] [threescore]}

Curtis LeMay was also initiated to the York Rite Freemasonry^{[61] [62]} in the Lakewood Order No. 601, Lakewood, Ohio.^[63]

Decease [edit]

LeMay resided in Newport Beach, California starting in 1969. In 1989, he moved to Air Strength Village West, a retirement community for former Air Force officers nearly March Air Force Base in Riverside. He died on October 1, 1990, of complications from a center set on in the 22nd Strategic Hospital on the grounds of March AFB.^{[59] [60]} He is buried in the U.s. Air Strength University Cemetery^[64] at Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Miscellaneous [edit]

Amateur radio operator [edit]

LeMay was a Heathkit customer^[65] and active amateur radio operator and held a succession of call signs; K0GRL, K4FRA, and W6EZV. He held these calls respectively while stationed at Offutt AFB, Washington, D.C. and when he retired in California. K0GRL is withal the phone call sign of the Strategic Air Command Memorial Amateur Radio Order.^[66] He was famous for being on the air on amateur bands while flight on board SAC bombers. LeMay became aware that the new single sideband (SSB) technology offered a big advantage over amplitude modulation (AM) for SAC aircraft operating long distances from their bases. In conjunction with Heath engineers and Art Collins (W0CXX) of Collins Radio, he established SSB as the radio standard for SAC bombers in 1957.^{[67] [65]}

LeMay and sports car racing [edit]

LeMay was also a sports motorcar possessor and enthusiast (he endemic an Allard J2); as the "SAC era" began to wind down, LeMay loaned out facilities of SAC bases for utilise past the Sports Car Club of America,^[68] every bit the era of early on street races began to die out. He was awarded the Woolf Barnato Honour, SCCA's highest award, for contributions to the Club, in 1954.^[68] In Nov 2006, it was announced that LeMay would exist one of the inductees into the SCCA Hall of Fame in 2007.^[68]

Air Strength Academy exemplar [edit]

On March 13, 2010, LeMay was named the course exemplar for the United States Air Forcefulness Academy class of 2013.^[69]

Executive Jet Aviation pioneer [edit]

In 1964, LeMay became one of the founding board members of Executive Jet Aviation (EJA) (now chosen NetJets), along with young man USAF generals Paul Tibbets and Olbert Lassiter, Washington lawyer and sometime military pilot Bruce Sundlun, and entertainers James Stewart and Arthur Godfrey.

Information technology was the first private business organisation jet charter and aircraft management company in the globe.

Judo [edit]

Judo's resurgence subsequently the war was due primarily to two individuals, Kyuzo Mifune and Curtis LeMay. The pre-war death of Jigorō Kanō ("the father of judo"), wartime demands on the Japanese, their surrender, postwar occupation, and the martial-arts ban^[seventy] all contributed to a time of uncertainty for judo. As assistant to Full general Douglas MacArthur during the occupation of Nippon, LeMay made practicing judo a routine part of Air Forcefulness tours of duty in Japan. Many Americans brought home stories of a "tiny quondam man" (Mifune) throwing down healthy, immature men without whatsoever apparent effort. LeMay became a promoter of judo training and provided political back up for judo in the early years after the war. For this, he was awarded the license of Shihan. In add-on, LeMay promoted judo inside the military of the U.s.a..^[71]

Rank history [edit]

Training and cadet ranks

LeMay held the following ranks over the course of his Air Force career.^[72] LeMay'south first contact with military service occurred in September 1924 when he enrolled equally a educatee in the Army ROTC program at Ohio State University. By his senior yr, LeMay was listed on the ROTC rolls as a "cadet lieutenant colonel". On June 14, 1928, the summer before the get-go of his senior year, LeMay accepted a commission every bit a second lieutenant in the Field Artillery Reserve of the U.S. Army. In September 1928, LeMay was approached by the Ohio National Guard and asked to take a state commission, besides every bit a second lieutenant, which LeMay accepted.

On September 29, 1928, LeMay enlisted in the Army Air Corps equally an aviation buck. For the side by side 13 months, he was on the enlisted rolls of the Regular Ground forces as a cadet and he held commissions in the National Guard and Army Reserve. His status changed on October two, 1929, when LeMay's Guard and Reserve commissions were terminated. These commissions were revoked after an Regular army personnel officer, realizing that LeMay was property officeholder and enlisted condition simultaneously, called him to talk over the affair and LeMay verbally resigned these commissioned ranks over the telephone.^[73]

All officer commissions were terminated on Oct 2, 1929, pending completion of flight training and commissioning equally an officer in the Regular army Air Corps.

Commissioned ranks

On Oct 12, 1929, LeMay finished his flight preparation and was commissioned a second lieutenant in the Army Air Corps Reserve. This was the 3rd time he had been appointed a second lieutenant in but under two years. He held this reserve committee until June 1930, when he was appointed as a Regular Army officer in the Ground forces Air Corps.

LeMay experienced slow advancement throughout the 1930s, every bit did most officers of the seniority-driven Regular Army. At the start of 1940 he was promoted to captain after serving virtually 11 years in the lieutenant grades. Beginning in 1941, LeMay began to receive temporary advancements in grade in the expanding Army Air Forces and avant-garde from captain to brigadier general in less than four years; past 1944, he was a major full general in the Regular army Air Forces. When Earth War Two ended, he was appointed to the permanent rank of brigadier general in the Regular Ground forces and then promoted to permanent major general rank (two star) when the Air Force became its own separate co-operative of service. LeMay was simultaneously appointed to temporary three star general rank in the Air Force and promoted to the total rank of general, permanent in the Air Force, in 1951. LeMay held this rank until his retirement in 1965.

	2d lieutenant, Air Corps Reserve: October 12, 1929
	Second lieutenant, Army Air Corps: February 1, 1930
	Outset lieutenant, Army Air Corps: March 12, 1935
	Captain, Army Air Corps: January 26, 1940
	Major, Army Air Corps: March 21, 1941
	Lieutenant colonel, Regular army of the United States: January 23, 1942
	Colonel, Army of the United States: June 17, 1942
	Brigadier general, Army of the The states: September 28, 1943
	Major general, Army of the Usa: March 3, 1944
	Brigadier full general, Ground forces: June 22, 1946
	Lieutenant general, Air Forces of the Usa: January 26, 1948
	Major general, United States Air Strength: February 19, 1948
	Full general, United States Air Forcefulness: October 29, 1951[74]

Curtis LeMay retired from the United States Air Force on February 1, 1965 with the rank of full (iv star) full general.^[75]

Further promotions

Co-ordinate to letters in LeMay'due south service record, while he was in command of SAC during the 1950s several petitions were made by Air Force service members to take LeMay promoted to the rank of General of the Air Force (five stars). The Air Force leadership, however, felt that such a promotion would lessen the prestige of this rank, which was seen as a wartime rank to be held only in times of extreme national emergency.

Per the Chief of the Air Strength General Officers Branch, in a letter dated February 28, 1962:

It is clear that a grateful nation, recognizing the tremendous contributions of the key military and naval leaders in World State of war II, created these supreme grades equally an attempt to accord to these leaders the prestige, the lucent leadership, and the emolument of office befitting their service to their country in war. Information technology is the conviction of the Department of the Air Force that this recognition was and is appropriate. Moreover, appointments to this grade during periods other than war would bear the unavoidable connotation of downgrading of those officers so honored in World State of war Ii.

Thus, no serious endeavor was ever made to promote LeMay to the rank of General of the Air Force, and the matter was eventually dropped after his retirement from active service in 1965.

Awards and decorations [edit]

Official portrait of Usa Air Force Chief of Staff General LeMay

LeMay received recognition for his work from thirteen countries, receiving two badges and 30-2 different medals and decorations.

Works [edit]

Books [edit]

• LeMay, Curtis; Kantor, MacKinlay (1965), Mission with LeMay: My Story, Doubleday, B00005WGR2 .
• LeMay, Curtis; Smith, Dale O (1968), America is in Danger, Funk & Wagnalls, B00005VCVX .
• LeMay, Curtis; Yenne, William 'Bill' (1988), Superfortress: The Story of the B-29 and American Air Ability, McGraw-Hill, ISBN0-07-037160-1 .

Film and television appearances [edit]

• The Last Bomb (documentary, 1945)
• In the Twelvemonth of the Pig (documentary, 1968)
• The Globe at State of war (documentary TV series, 1974)
• Reaching for the Skies (documentary Boob tube serial, 1988)
• Race for the Superbomb (documentary, 1999)
• JFK (moving picture, 1991; featured in archival footage)
• Roots of the Cuban Missile Crunch (documentary, 2001)
• The Fog of State of war: 11 Lessons from the Life of Robert Southward. McNamara (documentary, 2003)
• DC3:ans Sista Resa (Swedish documentary, 2004)

Cultural legacy [edit]

According to Michael S. Sherry, "Few American military machine officers of this century have been more feared, reviled, and ridiculed than Curtis E. LeMay."^[76] Co-ordinate to Fred Kaplan:

Dr. Strangelove, Stanley Kubrick's 1964 picture show about nuclear-war plans run amok, is widely heralded as one of the greatest satires in American political or movie history. ... It was no secret—it would take been obvious to many viewers in 1964—that Full general Ripper looked a lot like Curtis LeMay, the cigar-chomping, gruff-talking full general."^[77]

Academy of Notre Matriarch Professor Dan Lindley points out parallels between LeMay and the characters of Buck Turgidson and Jack Ripper in Stanley Kubrick's Dr. Strangelove, including close paraphrasing of statements by LeMay.^[78]

Public buildings [edit]

• The headquarters building of U.Southward. Strategic Command at Offutt AFB in Nebraska is named for the general. It was erected in the late 1950s and was the headquarters of the Strategic Air Control until its disbandment in 1992.
• LeMay Elementary School opened in 1968 in the Capehart housing expanse of Offutt AFB and is operated past the Bellevue Public Schools.^[79]

Come across besides [edit]

• List of commanders of USAFE
• Commanders-in-Principal of The Strategic Air Command
• Primary of Staff of the U.s.a. Air Force

References [edit]

Notes [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Boot, Max (2006). "Affiliate 9—Superfortresses and Firebombs: Tokyo March 9–10, 1945". War Made New: Technology, Warfare, And the Grade of History, 1500 to Today . New York: Gotham Books. p. 268. ISBN9781592402229. LCCN 2006015518. Retrieved Jan 16, 2013. ..."Large Cigar"—their nickname for Major General Curtis Eastward. Lemay, commander of the 21st Bomber Command, who always had a fat stogie stuffed in his oral fissure...
2. ^ Kozak, Warren (October 17, 2011). The Life and Wars of Full general Curtis LeMay. Regnery Publishing, Inc. ISBN9781596987692.
3. ^ Current Biography. H. W. Wilson. 1954. p. 403.
4. ^ Ohio History Central
5. ^ ^{a b} "General Curtis Emerson LeMay". United States Air Force. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
6. ^ Boniface, Patrick (January–February 1999), "Boeing'south Forgotten Monster: XB-15, a Giant in Search of a Cause", Air Enthusiast, pp. 64–7
7. ^ ^{a b c d e f chiliad h i} Coffey, Fe Hawkeye
8. ^ Harper, CB (Red). "March 1944 and Berlin". With The Mighty 8th and the Fifteenth Air Forces in Activeness Over Europe in Earth War II. Archived from the original on August 22, 2007.
9. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h} Tillman, LeMay
10. ^ Parker, Dana T. Building Victory: Aircraft Manufacturing in the Los Angeles Area in World War 2. pp. 77, ninety–2, Cypress, CA, 2013. ISBN 978-0-9897906-0-iv.
11. ^ Errol Morris (2003). The Fog of War: Eleven Lessons from the Life of Robert Southward. McNamara (documentary motion picture).
12. ^ ^{a b c} United States Strategic Bombing Survey. Summary Written report (Pacific War). Washington DC, July 1, 1946.
13. ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War Ii, pp. 326–32, Random House, New York, NY. ISBN 978-1-4000-6964-four.
14. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: "Peter Jennings – Hiroshima: Why the Bomb was Dropped (1995)". YouTube.com. Event occurs at 19:30/108:58. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
15. ^ Buckley, John (2001) [1998]. Air Ability in the Age of Total War. London: Taylor & Francis. p. 193. ISBN0-203-00722-0.
16. ^ Bradley, F. J. No Strategic Targets Left. "Contribution of Major Burn Raids Toward Ending WWII", Turner Publishing Company, limited edition. ISBN one-56311-483-half dozen. p. 38.
17. ^ Herman, Arthur. Freedom's Forge: How American Concern Produced Victory in World State of war Ii, pp. 326–29, 331–32, Random House, New York, NY. ISBN 978-one-4000-6964-4.
18. ^ PBS. American Feel. Race for the Superbomb. General Curtis E. Lemay, (1906–1990). 2009. (accessed April eighteen, 2013)
19. ^ Errol Morris, The Fog of War, Documentary Motion-picture show, 2003 (accessed Oct 8, 2016)
20. ^ Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II. Berghahn Books. 2010. p. 167. ISBN978-1-8454-5844-7.
21. ^ John Toland, The Rise Dominicus: The Decline and Fall of the Japanese Empire 1936–1945, Random House, 1970, p. 671.
22. ^ 40th Battery Group (VH) history. Turner Publishing. 1989. pp. 45–47. ISBN0-938021-28-1.
23. ^ Potts, J. Ivan, Jr. "The Japan to Washington Flight: September eighteen–19, 1945" (PDF). 40th Bomb Group. Retrieved October xix, 2010.
24. ^ Snyder, Thomas; Shaw, Shelia (January 28, 1992). "Profiles In Leadership 1942-1992". Air Force Historical Research Agency. pp. 86–95. Archived from the original on November 30, 2021. Retrieved October eighteen, 2021.
25. ^ Cherny, Andrei, The Candy Bombers: The Untold Story of the Berlin Airlift and America's Finest Hour, Putnam Press, ISBN 978-0-399-15496-6 (2008)
26. ^ Watson, George M., Secretaries and Chiefs of Staff of the Usa Air Force, Washington, D.C.: Air Force History and Museums Program, USAF (2001) p. 132: LeMay recorded the incident in a memo to staff the same day, stating "this afternoon I found a man guarding a hangar with a ham sandwich. There volition be no more than of that".
27. ^ Ford, Daniel (April 1, 1996). "History of Flight – B-36: Bomber at the Crossroads". Air & Infinite.
28. ^ David Alan Rosenberg, "The Origins of Overkill: Nuclear Weapons and American Strategy, 1945–1960", International Security, 7/iv, (1983): p xix.
29. ^ Fred Kaplan, The Wizards of Armageddon, (Stanford, Stanford University Printing, 1991), p 97.
30. ^ Michio Kaku, & Daniel Axelrod, To Win a Nuclear War: The Pentagon Secret War Plans, (Boston: Southward Terminate Press, 1987), p 97.
31. ^ ^{a b} Rhodes, 1995
32. ^ Steven T. Ross, "American War Plans 1945–1950" Frank Cass & Co., 1996, pg. 106–107
33. ^ Kozak, Warren. "LeMay: The Life And Wars of Full general Curtis LeMay". Archived from the original on June 26, 2009. Retrieved May 8, 2009.
34. ^ Richard Rhodes. The General and World War III
35. ^ Air Force Magazine. Oct 2008.
36. ^ Havemann, Ernest, "Toughest Cop of The Western World", Life, June 14, 1954, p. 136
37. ^ ^{a b} Havemann, p. 136
38. ^ Puttré, Michael, Nagasaki Revisited Archived June 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, retrieved April 8, 2011
39. ^ Coster-Mullen, John, Atom Bombs: The Elevation Undercover Inside Story of Fiddling Male child and Fat Man, publ. J. Coster-Mullen, Stop Notes (2004): Gen. Paul Tibbets, Major Dutch Van Kirk (Enola Gay's navigator), and other surviving members of the 509th Blended Group were reportedly outraged at many of the factual assertions by Sweeney in War'southward Terminate.
40. ^ Sweeney, Charles (Maj. Gen., ret.), Antonucci, James A., and Antonucci, Marion K., State of war'southward Cease: an Eyewitness Account of America's Terminal Atomic Mission, New York: Avon Books, ISBN 0-380-97349-ix (1997), p. 75: Sweeney stated that a similar incident occurred in 1944 when a B-29 crew chief reminded General LeMay of his lit cigar while LeMay was undergoing B-29 familiarization with (then-Colonel) Paul Tibbets' 509th Blended Group.
41. ^ Watson, George M., Secretaries and Chiefs of Staff of the United States Air Forcefulness, Washington, DC: Air Forcefulness History and Museums Program, USAF (2001) p. 132.
42. ^ "Sport: Red for Ferrari", Time, April twenty, 1953.
43. ^ "Judo in SAC Air Force", Black Belt, April 1962, pp. 37–38: These ranged from basketball courts and pool tables to judo tournaments and even assembling and tuning engines in SAC workshops for sports motorcar races on SAC air bases.
44. ^ "Armed Forces: The Finish Flag", Time, August 2, 1954: This included new innerspring mattresses, fans, pool tables, and TV sets for enlisted men's quarters.
45. ^ "LeMay and the "Airpower Battle"". Air Strength Magazine. Air Strength Association. October 1, 2008. Retrieved July 14, 2018. LeMay led SAC from 1948 through 1957, the longest tenure of any US military commander in nearly a century. When he left, SAC had grown to a force of 224,000 airmen, nearly 2,000 heavy bombers, and some 800 tankers.
46. ^ National Archives and Records Administration, RG 200, Defense Programs and Operations, LeMay'due south Memo to President and JCS Views, Box 83. Underground.
47. ^ Robert Coram, Boyd. Dorsum Bay Books/Little, Brownish, and Visitor, 2002, p. 59.
48. ^ LeMay, Gen. Curtis Emerson, with MacKinley Kantor, Mission With LeMay: My Story, (Doubleday, 1965) p.565, as quoted (quote #127) in Respectfully Quoted A Dictionary of Quotations by James H. Billington, Library of Congress, equally reproduced online past Google Books (click here for quote), and every bit reproduced online by Bartleby.com (click here for quote).
49. ^ ^{a b} Cullather, Nick (professor of history, Indiana Academy), "Flop them Back to the Stone Historic period: An Etymology", History News Network, Oct half dozen, 2006
50. ^ ^{a b} LeMay, Gen. Curtis Emerson, in Washington Postal service interview published October 4, 1968, as quoted (quote #127) in Respectfully Quoted A Dictionary of Quotations past James H. Billington, Library of Congress, as reproduced online by Google Books (click hither for quote), and equally reproduced online by Bartleby.com (click here for quote).
51. ^ ^{a b} Popik, Barry (etymologist; contributor, Oxford English Dictionary), "'Flop into the Stone Age' (total devastation)", The Large Apple blog.
52. ^ ^{a b} Turner, Robert F., Chapter 10: "How Political Warfare Caused America to Snatch Defeat from the Jaws of Victory in Vietnam", from John Norton Moore and Robert F. Turner, editors, The Real Lessons of the Vietnam State of war: Reflections Twenty-Five Years After the Fall of Saigon, 2002, Carolina Bookish Press, Durham, N.Car.
53. ^ Stephan Budianksy, Air Power: The Men, Machines, and Ideas that Revolutionized War from Kitty Militarist to Republic of iraq. The Penguin Group, 2005, p. 382.
54. ^ Hickman, Kennedy (2016). "General Curtis Eastward. LeMay: Father of the Strategic Air Control". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
55. ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Car: "VP candidate LeMay puts human foot in it, 1968. Motion picture 90672". YouTube.
56. ^ Carter, Dan T. (1995). The Politics of Rage: George Wallace, the Origins of the New Conservatism, and the Transformation of American Politics . New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 359–360. ISBN0-8071-2597-0.
57. ^ "1968 Presidential General Elections Results". U.S. Election Atlas.org . Retrieved July 13, 2016.
58. ^ Sprekelmeyer, Linda, editor. These Nosotros Honor: The International Aerospace Hall of Fame. Donning Co. Publishers, 2006. ISBN 978-1-57864-397-4.
59. ^ ^{a b} "Curtis LeMay, 83, Bomber General of WW Two, Dies". Los Angeles Times. staff writer. October ii, 1990. Retrieved March ane, 2014.
60. ^ ^{a b} Narvaez, Alfonso A. (October ii, 1990). "Gen. Curtis LeMay, an Architect of Strategic Air Power, Dies at 83". The New York Times . Retrieved March 1, 2014.
61. ^ "Famous men members of Masonic Lodges". American Canadian Thou Lodge ACGL. Archived from the original on November 17, 2018.
62. ^ "Famous members of Masonic Lodges". Bavaria Guild No. 935 A.F. & A. M. Archived from the original on Oct 13, 2018.
63. ^ "Famous members in the history of Freemasonry". Archived from the original on May 24, 2016.
64. ^ The Gazette
65. ^ ^{a b} Shea, Tom (September xiii, 1982). "Buckley finds discussion processing on Z-89 'liberating'". InfoWorld. p. 26.
66. ^ "Surfin': More Hamming at 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue". National Association for Amateur Radio.
67. ^ "Amateur Radio and the Rise of SSB" (PDF). National Clan for Amateur Radio.
68. ^ ^{a b c} "SCCA Announces 2007 Hall of Fame Class". Sports Auto Club of America. Nov 22, 2006. Archived from the original on Dec five, 2006.
69. ^ Grade exemplar, archived from the original on August 19, 2011
70. ^ "With the end of the war in August 1945, the Ministry building of Education regained control of Japan's physical education curriculum, and this ended the bayonet and grenade throwing in the Japanese public schools. On October 22, 1945, the Supreme Commander Allied Powers (SCAP) notified the Ministry of Education that "dissemination of militaristic and ultra-nationalistic ideology will be prohibited and all military education and drill will be discontinued." Two months later, on January 4, 1946, SCAP issued Directive 550, which, with its companion Directive 548, required "the removal and exclusion from public life of militaristic and ultra nationalistic persons." One result of these orders was that the Ministry of Education eliminated martial arts from school curricula.": from Documentation Regarding the Budo Ban in Nihon, 1945–1950, Journal of Antagonistic Sport, December 2002
71. ^ "General Curtis E. LeMay", 456th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron, February ten, 2014
72. ^ National Archives and Records Administration, Archival service tape of Curtis LeMay, Archival Records Branch (Released 2007)
73. ^ Records of the War Section Militia Bureau, Adjutant General Grade 22, "Telephone resignation of Curtis LeMay", October 2, 1929 (Filed Oct xiv, 1929)
74. ^ White, Robert (Oct 29, 1951). "Appointment to Full general Officer Grades". Air Strength Historical Research Agency. p. 4. Retrieved October 20, 2021. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
75. ^ The states National Archives, Archival service tape of Curtis LeMay, Air Force Retirement Order (Released November 2007)
76. ^ Michael S. Sherry, "Review," Journal of American History (March, 1987) 73#4 p. 1071.
77. ^ Fred Kaplan, "Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove' " The New York Times Oct. x, 2004.
78. ^ Dan Lindley (September viii, 2009). "A Pedagogy Guide to Stanley Kubrick'due south Dr. Strangelove". www3.nd.edu. Retrieved December 2, 2018. Ripper: 'He said war was too of import to be left to the Generals. When he said that, fifty years agone, he might take been right. Merely today, war is too of import to be left to politicians. They have neither the time, the grooming, nor the inclination for strategic thought'. Air Force Lieutenant General David Burchinal (U.s.A.F. Main of Staff LeMay's deputy for operations), speaks almost the Cuban Missile Crunch and the value of strategic superiority: 'They did not understand what had been created and handed to them'. To which LeMay confirmed: 'That was the mood prevalent with the top civilian leadership you are quite right'.
79. ^ "LeMay Elementary". Bellevue Public Schools. Retrieved March 1, 2014.

Further reading [edit]

• Albertson, Trevor, "A Strategy for Victory: Curtis LeMay and His Public Relations Automobile", New England Periodical of History 72 (Jump 2016), 33–61.
• Atkins, Albert Air Marshall Sir Arthur Harris and General Curtis E. Lemay: A Comparative Belittling Biography. AuthorHouse, 2001. ISBN 0-7596-5940-0.
• Craig, William The Fall of Japan. The Dial Press, 1967.
• Coffey, Thomas K. Iron Eagle: The Turbulent Life of General Curtis LeMay. Random House, 1986. ISBN 0-517-55188-8.
• Kozak, Warren LeMay: The Life and Wars of Curtis LeMay. Regnery, 2009. plus Writer Interview at the Pritzker Military Library on June 4, 2009
• Moscow, Warren "Metropolis'southward Heart Gone". The New York Times. March 11, 1945: 1, 13.
• Narvez, Alfonso A. "Gen. Curtis LeMay, an Architect of Strategic Air Power, Dies at 83". The New York Times. October ii, 1990.
• Allison, Graham. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis (1971 – updated 2nd edition, 1999). Longman. ISBN 0-321-01349-2.
• Rhodes, Richard Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Flop. Simon & Schuster, 1995. ISBN 0-684-80400-Ten
• Tillman, Barrett. LeMay. Palgrave's Neat Generals Series, 2007. ISBN 1-4039-7135-eight

LeMay in popular civilization [edit]

• Albertson, Trevor. "A Strategy for Victory: Curtis LeMay and His Public Relations Automobile." New England Journal of History 72.2 (2016): 33-61.
• Maloney, Sean K. Deconstructing Dr. Strangelove: The Secret History of Nuclear War Films (U of Nebraska Press, 2020) at https://doi.org/ten.2307/j.ctv10sm8sx.9
• Kaplan, Fred. "Truth Stranger Than 'Strangelove' " The New York Times Oct. 10, 2004
• Schlosser, Eric. "Well-nigh Everything in 'Dr. Strangelove' Was Truthful," The New Yorker (January 17, 2014) online

Primary sources [edit]

• LeMay, Curtis Due east. "Mission with LeMay: My Story". Doubleday, 1965
• LeMay, Curtis Due east., Yenne, Bill Superfortress: The Boeing B-29 and American Airpower in Globe State of war Ii. Westholme Publishing 2006, originally published by Berkley, 1988
• McNamara, Robert S. In Hindsight: The Tragedy and Lessons of Vietnam. Vintage Press, 1995. ISBN 0-679-76749-v.

Historiography [edit]

• Crane, Conrad C. "LeMay, Curtis" in Charles Messenger, ed. Reader's Guide to Armed services History (Routledge, 2001), pp 324–5 online
• USAF National Museum, "Gen. Curtis Eastward. LeMay, Awards and Decorations"
• USAF Service Record of Curtis LeMay, Armed forces Personnel Records Center, St. Louis, MO.
• "Curtis E LeMay", 456 Fighter Interceptor Squadron, archived from the original on July 24, 2011 .

External links [edit]

• "LeMay", Air Force Magazine, USA, March 1998, archived from the original on February 13, 2008 .
• Meilinger, Colonel Phillip S, "LeMay", American Airpower Biography: A Survey of the Field, USAF, archived from the original on Oct ix, 2004 .
• Rhodes, Richard, General Curtis LeMay, Head of Strategic Air Command, United states of america: PBS .
• Rhodes, Richard, LeMay's Vision of War, The states: PBS .
• Annotated bibliography of Curtis LeMay, Alsos Digital Library, archived from the original on June 14, 2006, retrieved November 18, 2019 .
• "Gen. Curtis Due east. LeMay", National Museum, USAF, archived from the original on May 6, 2008 .
• Nutter, Ralph H (2005), With the Possum and the Hawkeye, ISBN9781574411980 . A view of working with LeMay, past his atomic number 82 navigator in Europe.
• "Curtis LeMay". Observe a Grave. Retrieved February 17, 2008.
• Morely, Jefferson (editor). "Where was Gen. Curtis LeMay on Nov. 22, 1963?". JFK Facts.

Military machine offices
Preceded by George Kenney	Commander-in-Chief of the Strategic Air Control 1948–1957	Succeeded by Thomas Ability
Preceded by Thomas White	Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force 1957–1961	Succeeded past Frederic Smith
	Primary of Staff of the Air Force 1961–1965	Succeeded by John McConnell
Political party political offices
New political party	American Contained nominee for Vice President of the Usa 1968	Succeeded by Thomas Anderson

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_LeMay

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